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Identification of horizontal genes transfer elements across strains inhabiting the same niche using pan-genome analysis
Schwarzerová, J. ; Čejková, D.
Tracing horizontal gene flux across strains in farm animals is one of the important steps for research focused on detection and genomic enzymology of genes conferring antibiotic resistance. In this study, we have built the comprehensive computational methodology for the detection of horizontal genes transfer elements via pan-genome analysis. In total, 133 anaerobes isolated from chicken gastrointestinal tract were examined for the presence of traits of horizontal transfer. The shared genes from all isolates, so called core genome genes were identified and characterised in order to assign the function to the gene within individual bacterial cell and within community of cells. This study provides an evidence that horizontal transmission frequently occurs not only between closely related bacteria, but also between distant taxonomical groups. Hence chickens are known primary reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes, and the dissemination of these genes to other bacterial pathogens often leads to life-threatening infections, even within human population. Thus, the research on this subject, and the associated results are of a great importance for public health.
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Resistance of Escherichia coli to selected antibiotics in the Písek district in 2016
BROMOVÁ, Karolína
The aim of my work was to gather information on resistance of Escherichia coli to selected antibiotics. To show wrong use of antibiotics and to prove that this problem should begin to solve. The research part was performed by data processing, cultivation, sensitivity determination and determination of a phylum using various laboratory methods. In my research, I used Escherichia coli from the urine I used phyla previously designated. To determine the correct phylum of Enterobacteriaceae, I made use of biochemical tests such as the ENTERO test 24 N and ESBL MAST test, for the Escherichia coli phyla, I have used the INDOL test and VPT test. To determinate sensitivity to antibiotics, I used the M.I.C disk diffusion test.
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Resistances of Escherichia coli to selected antibiotics in a district of Písek for the year 2016
BROMOVÁ, Karolína
Resistance to antibiotics is becoming a global problem. In my work I focused on the resistance of Escherichia coli in the Písek district in 2016. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections. On average, every second woman and every fifth male will experience urinary tract infection. Resistance problems have met for many years. Previously effective antibiotics are now ineffective. Often they have to go beyond wide-spectrum antibiotics that have a number of side effects (diarrhea, yeast infections), are more expensive and have an impact on the economy. In the Czech Republic, we do not yet have the same level of resistance as in other countries, In Greece. Therefore, we should take an example from other countries and avoid massive use of antibiotics. The objectives of my work were to collect information on Escherichia coli resistance, to compare the differences between adult and pediatric patients and to determine the degree of ESBL strains in the Písek district in 2016. I compare the results of my research with the results of the urinalysis study of NRL SZÚ in Prague for 2016. In the theoretical part, I have dealt mainly with antibiotic characteristics, antibiotic resistance methods and briefly describe Escherichia coli. In its practical part, methods of identifying bacteria (ENTERO test 24N) are described. Principles of biochemical tests (VP test, INDOL test) to help us determine what type of bacteria might be. I also describe the principles and use of sensitivity assays (Disk diffusion test, M.I.C. microdilution test). Using the ESLB MAST test, I discovered the extent to which ESBL beta-lactamase-producing strains with extended spectrum of effect, which cause multi-resistance, were found in the Písek district. Furthermore, the practical part contains evaluation of resistance statistics on selected antibiotics, which I processed from data from the clinical microbiology of Písek Hospital. For my observation of Escherichia coli resistance, I chose 5 types of antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary tract infections - Amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, nitrofurantoin, cefotaxim, and gentamicin. The results of my work demonstrate that resistance to selected antibiotics is relatively high. It appears that women have more resistant strains than men, which can be explained by the fact that women are more likely to have urinary infections and more ESBL strains are present. No ESBL strains are present in pediatric patients (0 - 19 years). It also follows that girls are more likely to suffer from urinary infections than boys, with the only exception being girls and boys aged 0-3 years old, according to my research with urinary infections suffer more boys than girls.
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